Analysis: South Korea adds Small Modular Reactors (SMRs) to energy plan
South Korea holds long-term plans to export reactor technology, enter energy partnerships, and become supplier of choice in new energy markets.
Event or Trend: South Korea has announced plans to construct four small modular reactors (SMRs) as part of its broader effort to rejuvenate its nuclear industry and establish energy security.
Significance: South Korea’s commitment to building four SMRs marks a strategic shift in its energy policy. The move aligns with the global push toward advanced nuclear technology, reflecting both environmental and economic motivations. SMRs, known for their modularity and safety, represent an innovation that promises faster deployment, reduced construction costs, and lower carbon emissions.
This initiative carries significant geopolitical weight, as it strengthens South Korea’s energy independence and positions it to compete in the growing global SMR market. Furthermore, with energy security emerging as a national priority amid geopolitical tensions in Northeast Asia, South Korea’s SMR plan has potential military and strategic applications—ranging from reliable power for military operations to regional energy partnerships.
Policymakers and stakeholders in government and industry need to monitor this development closely for its implications on energy policy, international competitiveness, and security.
Analysis: The South Korean government, led by President Yoon Suk Yeol, is actively pursuing SMR technology, with plans to build an industrial hub in Gyeongju. This initiative will involve a 300 billion KRW ($216 million USD) investment and aims to establish South Korea as a global leader in SMR manufacturing​
The decision reflects a dual focus: energy innovation and the restoration of the country's nuclear industry, which had experienced setbacks due to previous policy uncertainties. The construction of SMRs is accompanied by a renewed push to complete the Shin Hanul nuclear power plant reactors, highlighting a broader strategy to rebuild South Korea’s nuclear ecosystem​.
SMRs are a new class of advanced reactors with capacities up to 300 MW, about one-third of the output of traditional reactors. Their smaller footprint and modular construction enable faster deployment, scalability, and better integration with renewable energy sources. These reactors are particularly useful in remote areas and regions where large-scale nuclear plants are impractical​. Additionally, they offer enhanced safety, with passive cooling systems that mitigate the risk of catastrophic failure.
The strategic aspect of SMR development cannot be overlooked. SMRs' compact size and modularity make them ideal for military use, such as powering bases and remote installations. Furthermore, they can contribute to energy resilience during emergencies, reinforcing South Korea's national security infrastructure. This becomes particularly relevant given South Korea’s regional energy challenges and the need to reduce reliance on fossil fuel imports.
The project in Gyeongju will also serve as a hub for hydrogen production, reinforcing South Korea’s ambition to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. The coupling of SMRs with hydrogen fuel production represents a promising innovation in clean energy. This integrated approach could give South Korea a competitive edge in both nuclear technology and hydrogen markets​.
In terms of international impact, South Korea’s SMR initiative signals its intent to compete with other nations, such as the United States and China, which are also developing SMR technology. South Korea's success could enhance its diplomatic leverage, allowing it to export reactor technology and enter energy partnerships.
Outlook: In the short term (0-12 months), South Korea will focus on infrastructure development and funding mechanisms, with the aim of establishing SMR manufacturing capabilities by 2025. In the medium term (1-5 years), the construction of the four reactors will serve as a litmus test for the scalability and exportability of South Korea's SMR technology. Long-term success (5-10 years) could position South Korea as a major player in the global SMR market, opening new avenues for energy diplomacy and military applications. Domestically, the project could bolster regional economies and foster technological innovation, reinforcing South Korea’s leadership in clean energy solutions​.